ࡱ> }|5( N/ 0|DTimes New Roman(0(z[ 0 DTahomaew Roman(0(z[ 0 " DWingdingsRoman(0(z[ 0 0DSymbolgsRoman(0(z[ 0 @DArialgsRoman(0(z[ 0  C0.  @n?" dd@  @@`` 0i 5  !"#$)*+-, 0AA@8 y ʚ;ʚ;g4LdLd@z[ 0ppp@ <4ddddl 08]~0___PPT10 >___PPT9     ?  %O  =&.J Dionysian frenzy  Myth or Reality?&&Adalet Baris Gunersel bgunersel@tamu.edu Texas A&M University American Creativity Association Annual Conference 2005 Austin, TexasPH[The Mad Genius bNietzsche s  Dionysian frenzy - the unconscious influences and extreme irrationality of the creative mind (Rothenberg, 1990). By the time of Aristotle, an association between madness and frenzied inspiration emerged - reappeared during the 19th and first half of the 20th century (Albert & Runco, 1999).82Z!$ Our question is:=Is there really a connection between madness and creativity? >>0tThe  Need for a connection between creativity and madness;;(| This notion has been welcomed, although it has often been supported by unpublished and unreviewed articles and studies with flawed methodology (Rothenberg, 1990). In spite of limited scientific evidence for creativity s association with mental illness, many authors have been promoting a connection (Waddell, 1998). .P>P=X  The Original ResearchiThe original research which has been accepted as proof was done by K. R. Jamison (1989) and N.C. Andreasen (1987). It has been found that this research is deeply flawed; Its problems include sample size and selection, methodology and data analysis, and experimenter bias. Although this is the case, it is still used to promote the myth (Schlesinger, 2002). Huua  *Researchers suggest& that the commonness of mental illness among highly creative people is speculation and has not been firmly established. Studies on eminent persons, which also have some methodological flaws, reported very low rates of mental illness (2 to 10%) (Ludwig, 1995). " Closer look at the research 29 studies and 34 review articles on creativity and mental illness were evaluated and assessed. Of the 29 studies, 15 found no evidence to link creativity and mental illness; 9 found positive evidence; and 5 had unclear findings (Waddell, 1998). &bb Closer look at the research It was also found that: most studies used flawed methodologies with weak (case series or case control) designs; that there were no randomized or prospective cohort studies; and that adequate criteria for determining causal association were not met (Waddell, 1998). >ZZZ Comparing numbers\When looking at highly creative individuals in various fields, the number of those with no mental illness is much higher than those with mental illness. Some examples: Jane Austen, Cervantes, Chaucer, Chekhov, Daniel Defoe, Thomas Hardy, George Eliot, William Thackeray, Trollope, Emily Zola, Bach, Brahms, Renoir, and Rubens (Rothenberg, 1990). HZZZExample Study #1aThe Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) Survey: Interviews at 5 different sites with 20,000 individuals typifying the entire U.S. population; Interviews with 1,000 people who lived in the 20th century and achieved prominence in various areas. Focus: the link between mental illness and exceptional creative achievement over 10 years (Ludwig, 1995). d1PPkP14i E Example Study #1Results of the ECA Survey: Schizophrenia appeared in 1.2% of men and 1.7% of women; Among eminent people, it appeared in only 5% of the men and 7% of the women (Ludwig, 1995). h Example Study # 2A study examining the presence of depression among contemporary published poets in the U.S. observed 43 poets and compared them to a group consisting of a random sample of the general population. " Example Study # 2Results: The hypothesis that the poets would show a higher level of depression to the comparison group was not supported; The poets showed no significant difference from the others (Staltaro, 2003). H    Example Study # 3"A study measuring the creativity of 37 psychotics (schizophrenic, manic-depressive, or psychotic depressive) and of 37 regular individuals found that psychotics were less creative than the controls. In fact, results suggested that mental illness may decrease creativity (Eisenman, 1990). &"#   It is true that& It has been found that people who are highly creative tend to be more sensitive in various areas. Dabrowski (1972) s Over Excitabilities psychomotor, sensual, intellectual, imaginational, emotional Research shows emotional OE to be very common (Levy & Plucker ,2003).&,d  Although& Although this OE brings with it extreme sensitivity, which may lead to emotional distress, there is no indication of serious mental health conditions. Highly creative individuals may be more prone to psychological problems, but this does not mean that creativity is strongly linked to mental illness. In fact, any link between mental illness and giftedness has been found to be speculative (Levy & Plucker, 2003).P  ReferencesAlbert, R. S., & Runco, M. A. (1999). A history of research on creativity. In R. Sternberg (Ed.) Handbook of creativity (pp. 16-31). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Uni. Press Becker, George. (2001). The Association of Creativity and Psychopathology: Its Cultural-Historical Origins. Creativity Research Journal, 13(1), 45-54. Brower, Richard. (2000). To Reach a Star: The Creativity of Vincent Van Gogh. High Ability Studies, 11(2), 179-205. Eisenman, Russell. (1990). Creativity, preference for complexity, and physical and mental illness. Creativity Research Journal, 3(3), 231-236. Jackson, James Claude. (2001). Exploring the relationship between schizophrenia, affective illness, and creativity. ERIC# ED457637. Jamison, K. R. (1989). Mood disorders and patterns of creativity in British writers and artists. Psychiatry Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes, 52(2), 125-134. Kaufman, James C. (2004.) The tragic muse: The connection between mental illness and creativity. PsychCRITIQUES.PdLW^x/;w?r>& ReferencesLevy, Jacob J., & Plucker, Jonathan A. (2003). Assessing the psychological presentation of gifted and talented clients: a multicultural perspective. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 16(3), 229-247. Ludwig, Arnold M. (1995). The price of greatness: Resolving the creativity and madness controversy. NY: Guilford Press. Rothenberg, Albert. (1990). Creativity and madness: New findings and old stereotypes. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Rothenberg, Albert. (1995). Creativity and mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(5), 815-816. Schlesinger, Judith. (2002). Issues in creativity and madness part one: Ancient questions, modern answers. Ethical Human Sciences & Services, 4(1), 73-76. Schubert, D. S. & Biondi, A. M. (1975). Creativity and mental health: The image of the creative person as mentally ill. Journal of Creative Behavior, 9(4), 223-227. Schuldberg, David. (2001). Creativity and psychopathology: Categories, dimensions, and dynamics. Creativity Research Journal, 13(1), 105-111. P )< 3;i}$s>  References\Staltaro, Shirley Oribio. (2003). Contemporary American poets, poetry writing, and depression. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering 63(8-B), 3940. Steptoe , Andrew. (1998). Genius and the mind: Studies of creativity and temperament. NY: Oxford University Press. Waddell, C. (1998). Creativity and mental illness: Is there a link? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43(2), 166-172. Weisberg, Robert W. (1994). Genius and madness? A quasi-experimental test of the hypothesis that manic-depression increases creativity. 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"2 <bgunersel@tamu.edu # ! .-@"Tahoma-. %2 :Texas A&M University    .-@"Tahoma-. B2 0'American Creativity Association Annual !         .-@"Tahoma-. 2 UbConference 2005  .-@"Tahoma-. 2  Austin, Texas0  .-՜.+,0    :On-screen Showen-sfVA Times New RomanTahoma WingdingsSymbolArialBlends&Dionysian frenzy Myth or Reality?The Mad Genius Our question is:;The Need for a connection between creativity and madnessThe Original ResearchResearchers suggest Closer look at the research Closer look at the researchComparing numbersExample Study #1Example Study #1Example Study # 2Example Study # 2Example Study # 3It is true that Although References References References  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles%_B Howard EilersHoward Eilers  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijkmnopqrsuvwxyz{~Root EntrydO)Current UsertSummaryInformation(FJPowerPoint Document(fDocumentSummaryInformation8l